Exploring Inner Worlds: The Spring 2025 ICMDR Bulletin
- ICMDR team
- 4 days ago
- 10 min read
Dear Colleagues and Friends of the ICMDR,
This issue of the ICMDR Bulletin arrives at a historic moment in the journey towards recognising Maladaptive Daydreaming (MD) as a distinct clinical condition. The highlight of the season is undoubtedly the groundbreaking position paper by Soffer-Dudek, Somer, Spiegel, and an international collaboration of trauma and dissociation experts: “Maladaptive daydreaming should be included as a dissociative disorder in psychiatric manuals”, published in The British Journal of Psychiatry. This paper is more than an academic milestone. It is a clarion call for the psychiatric community to finally acknowledge the suffering of individuals whose lives are overtaken by compulsive, immersive fantasy. Backed by many of the field’s most respected voices, the article brings the weight of consensus and the precision of data to a long-overlooked phenomenon—arguing convincingly for the inclusion of MD in diagnostic frameworks as a dissociative disorder. Why is this so urgent? Because MD is not harmless escapism. It is a dissociative condition that isolates, impairs and often devastates lives, particularly when left undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. Despite mounting evidence, MD remains absent from clinical manuals, leaving sufferers in limbo and clinicians without guidance. With this position paper, the silence is breaking.
This Bulletin builds on the momentum. From new diagnostic tools and prevalence studies to case reports and novel therapeutic approaches, this issue captures a field on the cusp of transformation. We are witnessing the birth of a new diagnostic category - and the dawn of a clearer understanding for millions whose inner lives have remained hidden for too long.
Read on, and join us in helping inner worlds be seen, studied and healed.
— The Editors
Published research papers
Soffer-Dudek, N., Aquarone, R., & Somer, E. (2025). Maladaptive daydreaming among patients with dissociative identity disorder: a prevalence study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 185, 40-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.03.038
Layperson's Abstract
This study examines the connection between maladaptive daydreaming (MD) and dissociative identity disorder (DID), finding that a significant portion of individuals with DID also experience MD. The researchers determined that around 25-40% of DID patients met the criteria for MD. This suggests that MD and DID may share underlying mechanisms, such as absorption in inner worlds, dissociative tendencies, and childhood coping strategies. The study highlights the importance of proper screening, particularly for those with dissociative symptoms. Many people struggling with MD report feelings of shame, loneliness, and distress, making it essential for clinicians to differentiate between MD and other dissociative conditions. Understanding the overlap between MD and DID could improve diagnosis, treatment strategies, and support systems for those affected. The findings suggest that MD should be regularly assessed in DID patients and that tailored therapeutic approaches may be needed when both conditions are present. Further research could refine treatment methods and lead to greater understanding of how these conditions develop, offering hope for individuals struggling with MD and related dissociative experiences.
Somer, E., Herscu, O., Samara, M., & Abu-Rayya, H.M. (2025). Maladaptive daydreaming and psychopathology: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Psychology, 60(2), e70027. DOI: 10.1002/ijop.70027
Layperson's Abstract
Maladaptive daydreaming (MD) is an intense, immersive form of fantasy that can interfere with daily life. This meta-analysis examined the link between MD and mental-health issues by analyzing 40 studies with nearly 25,000 participants. The findings show that MD is strongly associated with various psychological disorders, including depression, anxiety, OCD, ADHD, dissociation, psychotic symptoms, autism spectrum disorder, and trauma. It is also linked to difficulties in emotion regulation, loneliness, problematic internet use, personality disorders, and low self-esteem. The study found that MD is strongly associated with psychopathology and has a negative impact on functioning. Factors such as age, gender, and sample type influenced the strength of these associations. For instance, the links between MD and anxiety and depression were stronger in older people, while the connection to OCD and trauma was more pronounced in younger people. This analysis provides strong evidence that MD is not just excessive daydreaming but is a serious condition that requires clinical attention and deserves classification as a distinct mental-health disorder.
Layperson's Abstract
This case study tells the story of Liam, a 23-year-old man who was diagnosed with autism as a child. Recently, he began to wonder whether some of his repetitive movements - often seen as “stimming” - might actually be linked to maladaptive daydreaming (MD). Through in-depth interviews, questionnaires and expert evaluations, the researchers found that Liam did not show the typical social and communication challenges associated with autism. Instead, the behaviours that were once seen as signs of autism seemed more consistent with MD, especially when these movements occurred during his immersive daydreams. This case shows how MD can sometimes be mistaken for autism, especially when a person shows repetitive movements. It highlights the importance of careful diagnosis, since two very different conditions can look similar on the surface. The study calls for greater awareness of MD among clinicians, and adds to a growing field of research exploring the overlap - and differences - between MD and autism.
Layperson's Abstract
Maladaptive daydreaming (MD) is more than just having a vivid imagination or getting lost in thought now and then. It’s a mental-health condition where people feel compelled to spend hours deeply immersed in elaborate daydreams - so much so that it can disrupt their ability to study, work or maintain relationships. Unlike ordinary daydreaming, MD is persistent and often feels out of one’s control. People with MD often experience intense emotional involvement in their fantasy worlds and may physically act out parts of their daydreams by pacing, making facial expressions, mouthing dialogue or using hand movements. Although MD can appear alongside other mental-health conditions, it has a unique set of symptoms that aren’t fully explained by existing diagnoses. General treatments don’t usually help, but therapies that are specifically tailored to MD show promise. For this reason, the researchers behind this study argue that MD should be officially recognized as its own condition - specifically, as a type of dissociative disorder. Like other dissociative conditions, MD involves a disconnect from reality and from parts of one’s own experience, such as thoughts, emotions or sense of identity. Recognizing MD as a distinct mental-health disorder would help raise awareness, improve diagnosis, and support the development of treatments tailored to those who struggle with this often misunderstood condition.
Theodor-Katz, N., & Soffer-Dudek, N. (2025). Where is my mind? The Daydreaming Characteristics Questionnaire, a new tool to differentiate absorptive daydreaming from mind-wandering. Journal of Attention Disorders, 29(7), 515-528. DOI: 10.1177/10870547251319081
Layperson's Abstract
This study introduces the Daydreaming Characteristics Questionnaire (DCQ) as a new tool to differentiate maladaptive daydreaming (MD) from mind-wandering (MW) and ADHD-related attention deficits. Existing questionnaires often fail to distinguish between these conditions, making diagnosis and treatment difficult. The DCQ was designed to address this gap by assessing the content, structure, and function of distracting thoughts, particularly the immersive, narrative-driven daydreams characteristic of MD. Through two large samples, the study validated the DCQ, showing that it effectively identifies immersive daydreaming, separating it from the general attentional issues seen in ADHD and MW. This distinction is important because individuals with MD often struggle with compulsive, absorbing fantasies that interfere with daily life but differ in origin and experience from ADHD-related inattention. The DCQ provides a clearer diagnostic tool, helping clinicians recognize MD as a distinct condition requiring targeted treatment. Given that MD is linked to higher rates of loneliness, depression, and suicide risk, the ability to correctly identify and address it is crucial for improving mental-health outcomes.
Lucas, A., & Bone, A. (2025). Introducing a psychological formulation model of maladaptive daydreaming. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 18, e11. DOI: 10.1017/S1754470X24000424
Layperson's Abstract
This article introduces a new psychological model to help understand and treat maladaptive daydreaming (MD). This model, based on cognitive behavioural theory, explains how MD develops and persists, highlighting the role of core beliefs, emotional regulation, and fantasy themes. The model was reviewed by experts and tested by individuals with MD, who found it insightful and helpful in understanding their experiences. It outlines how MD is reinforced through pleasurable fantasy experiences, but also how it negatively impacts daily life, leading to increased distress and further reliance on daydreaming. Key factors include triggers (for example, music), repetitive behaviours that deepen immersion, and emotional processing through fantasy. The model is designed for use in therapy, offering a structured way for mental-health professionals to assess and treat MD. The authors emphasize the importance of guided exploration with a therapist and the potential benefits of addressing the themes and emotions within fantasies to create meaningful change.
Hunbina, A.I., & Karpuk, A.O. (2024). Cognitive-behavioral art therapy in the correction of maladaptive daydreaming. Habitus, 67, 135-140. DOI: 10.32782/2663-5208 (in Ukrainian with English abstract).
Layperson's Abstract
This article looks at whether maladaptive daydreaming (MD) can be successfully treated with cognitive-behavioural art therapy. CBT has been shown to be helpful in the management of MD because of its emphasis on working with maladaptive thoughts and beliefs, and learning adaptive strategies, such as time management, planning for the future and relaxation skills. The possibility of using CBT together with art therapy for the treatment of maladaptive daydreaming was therefore investigated. Art therapy could help organize chaotic thoughts through creative expression, which may be especially beneficial for individuals who struggle with excessive daydreaming.
Ajaykrishna, S., & Rangaswamy, R. (2025). Examining the mediating and moderating roles of maladaptive daydreaming on adverse childhood experiences and post-traumatic growth. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Approaches in Psychology, 3(3), 320-349.
Layperson's Abstract
This study explores how maladaptive daydreaming (MD) influences the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and post-traumatic growth (PTG). Using theories of stress and coping, researchers examined whether MD acts as a mediator (helping explain how ACEs lead to PTG) or a moderator (influencing the strength of this relationship). Data were collected from 100 adults aged 18-35 through standardized questionnaires measuring childhood adversity, daydreaming tendencies, and PTG. The findings revealed a complex picture. ACEs were linked to greater appreciation for life. MD mediated the link between ACEs and spiritual growth, suggesting it may help people to process trauma. However, it also moderated the relationship between ACEs and life appreciation, potentially weakening trauma's positive effects. Family structure was also important: participants from non-traditional households reported more ACEs and MD but also higher PTG in some areas. The study highlights the need for nuanced approaches in trauma recovery, considering both the benefits and risks of MD. Understanding how MD influences trauma responses could improve psychological interventions for survivors.
Seminars
“Maladaptive Daydreaming: Between Fantasy and Reality” was the first conference on maladaptive daydreaming. It was sponsored by the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Sicily Italy. Speakers included Valeria Franco, Eli Somer, Debora Fisichella, Serafino Buono, Laura Ferreri and Antonio Costanzo. A recording of the event can be accessed here. Most of the event, with the exception of Professor Somer’s presentation, is in Italian, but the video has English subtitles.
“Parallel Lives: Fantasy and Imagination in Personal Development (Online)”
The McMillan Institute for Jungian Studies. 9 April and 16 April 2025, 6pm-8pm CT.
Susan Meindl, a Canadian Jungian clinical psychologist, will present a two-part lecture series exploring the complex role of fantasy in personal growth and psychological well-being. While imaginative life is often a source of creativity and insight, it can sometimes spiral into a consuming, maladaptive escape. Drawing on Jungian theory, historical case studies and modern research, these lectures will examine both the benefits and the potential pitfalls of fantasy. The first evening will focus on maladaptive daydreaming and its relationship to other visionary and neurodivergent experiences. The second evening will delve into psychoanalytic perspectives, featuring compelling real-life cases, including a revealing look at Anna Freud’s own struggles with fantasy. Designed for a general Jungian audience and therapists alike, this series offers a fascinating journey into the hidden worlds of the mind.
Ari Nowacki, was best poster winner at the 2024 conference of the European Society for Trauma and Dissociation (ESTD), with his study: “The lived experiences of maladaptive daydreamers: a qualitative study of Reddit posts”. He presented his findings in a webinar for ESTD members on 5 March 2025.
Student Project
Cook, S. (2025). Maladaptive daydreaming: the movie. Pitch deck for feature screenplay. Savannah Cook, a recent graduate of Belmont University (Variety Top 20 Film School), completed a feature film script titled: “My Maladaptive Daydream”. The script is about Hellen, a fifteen-year-old girl who copes with her lonely life through maladaptive daydreaming. When a freak accident transports her into the teen-rom-com of her fantasies, she finds herself in a battle with her inner demon to win the heart of her imaginary boyfriend.
Maladaptive daydreaming in the media
WEvolve is a podcast that covers everything from who we are and where we come from to how teens/adolescents can better manage their mental health. They recently interviewed Professor Eli Somer about maladaptive daydreaming. You can listen to the episode here.
The French documentary “Dreams” was aired on 2 April by France Télévisions Slash, a French public service television channel that is part of the France Télévisions network. The channel is aimed at an audience between high school and working life and deals with themes such as sexuality, discrimination, body, identity, commitment, consumption and connected life through true life stories and testimonials. “Dreams” tells the stories of three young women who delve into the exploration of their dreams and venture into fascinating worlds. Each takes a unique path to find refuge from reality, while seeking to understand it. The documentary features a segment on maladaptive daydreaming (MD) and features a conversation between a person with MD and Professor Eli Somer.
Psychologie Magazine, the Netherlands largest popular psychology magazine, featured an in-depth article on maladaptive daydreaming entitled “Met je hoofd in een andere wereld” (With your head in another world), including quotes from Professor Eli Somer and the story of Amber, a 25-year-old woman living with maladaptive daydreaming.
New University, the official campus newspaper of UC published an article entitled “Maladaptive daydreaming and the harm in fantasizing”.
Epilogue
As this season’s Bulletin draws to a close, we are left not with finality but with forward motion - a sense of acceleration toward long-overdue recognition for maladaptive daydreaming and those who live with it. What once lived only in the margins of psychological discourse is now beginning to take its rightful place in the heart of scientific and clinical attention. This issue has spotlighted the remarkable strides our community is making - from the publication of a landmark position paper in one of psychiatry’s most respected journals, to innovative clinical case work, to the voices of researchers and advocates around the globe. The momentum is real and the path forward has never been clearer. Yet even as we celebrate progress, our work is far from finished. Each new insight invites fresh questions. Every clinical advance calls for wider training and awareness. And behind every statistic is a person - often misunderstood, often alone - waiting to be recognized, understood and helped.
Let us move forward together with clarity, compassion and courage. The daydreams that once isolated can now connect us through shared understanding and a common mission. With science as our compass and community as our strength, we step into the next chapter - where healing becomes possible, and every inner world finds a place in the light.
— The Editors